Table 1. Cuba's hardcurrency receipts from merchandise trade and tourism
1953- 1958 (In million pesos)
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
Total All merchandise 640.4 539.0 594.2 666.2 807.2 733.5
Sugar and sugar products 530.1 432.9 474.4 525.1 656.3 593.1
Tobacco 41.9 41.2 43.5 43.8 47.9 49.6
Tourist receipts 19.6 24.0 27.8 38.1 62.1 56.9
Sources: Banco Nacional de Cuba, Memoria 1958-1959, La Habana, Cuba; and Banco Nacional de Cuba, Programa de Desarrollo Económico, Informe N4, Habana Cuba, 1958
Table 2. Foreign visitors to Cuba, by area of origin
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Socialist nations 29,696 34,634 28,963 20,007 23,909 28,322 34,083 31,446 31,393
%. of total 22.9 32.7 27.2 16.9 15.1 16.4 17.5 15.1 12.7
Capitalist nations 98,678 69,543 75,662 95,000 126,796 139,856 152,005 166,606 205,326
% of total 76.1 65.6 71.1 79.5 80.2 81.0 78.1 80.0 83.1
Other 1,217 1,859 1,814 4,208 7,330 4,398 8,443 10,189 10,361
1.0 1.7 1.7 3.6 4.6 2.6 4.4 4.9 4.2
Total 129,531 106,036 106,399 118,308 158,035 172,578 194,531 208,241 247,080
% Growth 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Socialist nations 16.6 -16.4 -30.9 -19.5 18.5 20.3 -7.7 -0.2
Capitalist nations -29.5 8.7 24.4 34.8 10.3 8.7 9.6 23.2
Total -18.2 0.3 11.3 33.6 9.2 12.7 7.0 18.7
Source: Comite Estatal de Estadísticas: Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988
a: Visitors through travel agencies
Table 3. International visitors to Cuba
In thousands
Year Total visitors % Change Visitor from % Change
Capitalist Nations
1982 150.7 13.39 101.5
1983 174.1 15.53 124.9 23.05
1984 218.3 25.39 168.5 34.91
1985 243.0 11.31 193.2 14.54
1986 281.9 16.01 217.9 12.78
1987 298.3 4.06 237.3 8.90
1988 309.2 5.40
1989 326.3 5.53
1990 340.3 4.30
Source: Dirección de Immigración y Extranjería, estadística de frontera, unpublished series; and Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Económico, Varios issues.
Table 4. International visitors to Cuba by selected area of origin
1981 1985 1990 % Change 1990/91
North America 29,511 44,116 81,810 177.22
Latin America 24,667 46,267 81,985 232.37
Western Europe 22,675 77,578 138,577 511.94
Eastern Europe 30,388 31,332 30,031 -.01
Total 132,902 243,026 340,329 156.08
% Share of total
North America 22.21 18.15 24.04
Latin America 18.56 19.04 24.09
Western Europe 17.06 31.92 40.77
Eastern Europe 22.86 12.89 8.82
Other 19.31 18.00 2.28
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Dirección de Immigración y Extranjería, Estadística de Frontera, unpublished series.
Table 5. Foreign visitors to Cuba by major country of origin
(In thousands)
1981 1985 1990
Canada 23.6 40.7 74.4
Spain 9.0 18.2 33.9
Italy 2.5 15.7 16.9
Germany 3.2 21.9 59.5
Mexico 12.7 22.6 34.5
Venezuela .8 .3 17.3
U.S.S.R 17.6 12.9 18.7
Sources: Dirección de Immigración y Extranjería, Estadística de Frontera, unpublished series.
Table 6. International traveleres to Cuba by category
Year Visitors Tourist Excursionist 1980 129,521 99,671 28,703 1981 106,399 98,536 6,059 1982 106,399 98,526 6,206 1983 118,308 107,894 4,604 1984 158,035 146,101 4,604 1985 172,527 163,434 4,744 1986 194,531 179,911 6,177 1987 208,241 194,614 3,473 1988 247,080 231,973 4,746
Sources: Comite Estatal de Estadísticas, Anuario Estadístico de Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988.
Table 7. Arrival of tourist from abroad for selected Caribbean nations
(In thousands)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 % Change
1987/81
Antigua & Barbados 85 87 111 139 149 159 173 103.5
Aruba 221 220 195 210 206 181 232 4.9
Bahamas 1,031 1,101 1,200 1,278 1,368 1,375 1,480 43.5
Barbados 353 304 328 368 359 370 422 19.5
Bermuda 430 417 447 417 407 460 478 11.2
Virgin Islands 110 114 119 122 130 164 170 54.5
Cayman Islands 125 121 131 148 145 166 209 67.2
Cuba 121 139 164 207 240 298 282 133.1
Curacao 176 174 111 130 128 128 135 -23.3
Dominican Republic 451 460 502 562 660 747 902 100.4
Guadalupe 133 189 194 163 151 148 153 15.0
Haiti 158 158 150 145 144 112 122 -22.8
Jamaica 406 468 566 603 572 663 739 82.0
Martinique 157 178 176 184 191 183 234 49.0
Puerto Rico 1,573 1,564 1,530 1,496 1,532 1,573 1,872 19.0
St. Lucia 68 70 78 86 95 112 123 78.3
St. Marteen 190 213 263 318 398 439 496 161.1
Trinidad & Tobago 187 184 189 191 187 191 202 8.0
U.S. Virgin Islands 344 340 345 370 412 470 580 68.6
Total Caribbean 6,626 6,845 7,033 7,388 7,827 8,297 9,412 42.0
% Cuba/Caribbean 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.8 3.1 3.4 2.9
Source: World Tourist Org. Yearbook of Tourist Statistics, Madrid, Spain, 1986, 1988Table 8. Tourist receipts for selected Caribbean countries
(In million U.S. Dollars)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 % Change 1987/81
Antigua & Barbados 46 44 59 89 101 114 131 184.8
Aruba 156 163 115 110 111 144 203 30.1
Bahamas 639 655 765 796 994 1.104 1,174 83.7
Barbados 264 251 252 284 309 337 379 43.6
Bermuda 306 314 326 339 357 422 475 55.2
Virgin Islands 54 66 82 86 97 120 140 159.3
Cayman Island 53 56 62 71 86 94 120 126.4
Cuba 44 51 59 76 87 98 112 154.5
Curacao 158 155 78 69 71 89 94 -40.5
Dominican Republic 223 229 282 315 368 464 500 124.2
Haiti 85 80 85 83 95 84 93 9.4
Jamaica 284 338 399 407 407 516 595 109.5
Martinique 85 82 83 87 93 92 100 17.6
Puerto Rico 626 678 691 681 723 723 866 38.3
St. Lucia 29 32 40 42 56 73 78 169.0
St. Marteen 115 117 122 128 150 160 170 47.8
Trinidad & Tobago 152 179 206 198 197 83 92 -39.5
U.S. Virgin Islands 318 313 356 440 507 509 623 95.9
Total Caribbean 3,793 3,978 4,219 4,427 4,954 5,394 6,127 61.5
%. Cuba/Caribbean 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8
Source:
World Tourist Org. Yearbook of Tourist Statistics, Madrid, Spain, 1986, 1988
Table 9. Arrivals from capitalist nations and hard currency receipts
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
Number of visitors from 101.5 124.9 168.5 193.2 217.9 237.3
capitalist nations (In thousands)
Visitors receipts in hard 50.9 59.4 75.7 87.3 97.7 111.7
currency (In million pesos)
Average receipts per visitors 501 476 449 452 448 470
from capitalist nations (In
pesos)
Source: Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Económico, various issues
Table 10. Average receipt per visitor, and average receipt per visitor night
for selected Caribbean nations, 1987
Visitors arrivals Average receipts per Average length of Average receipts
(In 000) visitor (In U.S.$) stay (days) visitor night (In
U.S.$)
Aruba 318 638 7.0 91.14
Bahamas 2,914 403 5.9 68.31
Barbados 651 582 10.0 58.2
Bermuda 631 753 6.5 115.85
Cuba all visitors 298 396 9.3* 42.59
Cuba from capitalist 237 470 9.3* 50.54
countries
Curacao 242 388 6.5 59.69
Dominican Republic 1,069 468 8.3 56.38
Jamaica 1,031 577 10.2 56.57
Puerto Rico 2,456 353 3.0 117.67
Source: Author computations from Yearbook of Tourist Statistics, 1986, 1988 and Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Económico, Junio, 1988.
*1984 Statistics for all visitors
Table 11. Growth rates of visitors to Cuba by major area of origin
Total visitors North America Latin America Western Europe Eastern Europe
1982 13.39 19.95 2.5 6.1 22.14
1983 15.53 4.87 22.12 30.00 -1.51
1984 25.39 -20.59 42.16 113.27 -2.09
1985 11.31 49.66 5.34 16.25 -15.88
1986 16.01 22.65 9.4 18.41 -26.19
1987 4.06 6.81 39.92 4.60 0.82
1988 5.40 9.35 7.79 16.15 3.73
1989 5.53 26.01 13.99 11.78 -40.72
1990 4.30 2.73 2.11 11.3 -18.69
Annual average %
Change
1982-1986 16.33 15.22 16.30 36.81 -4.71
1987-1990 4.8 11.2 15.9 11.0 -13.7
Source: Authors calculations from, Direccion de Immigración y Extranjería, Estadística de Frontera, unpublish series.
Table 12. Hard currency merchandise exports and tourist receipts
(In million pesos)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
Total Merchandise 1,405.8 1,355.9 1,233.9 1,135.7 1,244.4 907.3 964.7
Sugar 866.3 648.3 263.2 250.0 171.2 209.9 222.5
Oil Re-exports 151.4 262.1 497.7 484.4 526.9 248.5 286.3
Other 388.1 445.3 473.0 401.3 546.3 448.9 455.9
Total Merchandise excluding oil 1,254.4 1,093.8 736.2 651.3 717.5 658.8 678.4
re-exports
Tourist receipts 43.6 50.9 59.4 75.7 87.3 97.7 111.7
Percentage of tourist receipts/total 3.1 3.8 4.8 6.7 7.0 10.8 11.6
merchandise
Percentage of tourist 3.5 4.7 8.1 11.6 12.2 14.8 16.5
receipts/merchandise excl. oil
re-exports
Source: Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Económico, various issues
Table 13. Estimated value of tourist income multipliers
Location Tourist income multipliers Dominica 1.20 Antigua .88 Bermuda 1.03 Hong Kong 1.02 India Ocean Islands .95 - 1.03 Hawaii .90 - 1.30 Bahamas .78 Figi .65 Cayman Islands .65 British Virgin Islands .58 Jamaica 1.58
Source: Archer, B.H., "The Value of Multipliers and their Policy Implications," Tourism Management, 3(4) 1982 and CTRC. The Contribution of Tourism to Economic Development in the Caribbean.