[1]. See for example; Roca, Sergio G. "Cuba y la Nueva Economia Internacional: Tempos Duros, Decisiones Dificiles," paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association meetings, Washington, D.C., April 1991; Rodriguez, José Luis "The Cuban Economy: A current Assessment" in Transformation and Struggle: Cuba faces the 1990's, S. Halebsky and John M. Kirk ed. Praeger, New York 1990; and Ritter, A.R.M. "Cuba's Convertible Currency Debt Problem". Cepal Review N. 36 December 1988, U.N. Cepal, Santiago, Chile.

[2]. Data on Foreign visitors and tourist to Cuba prior to 1959 and cited in a number of studies among these; Truslow, Adams Francis, Chief of Mission, Economic and Technical Mission to Cuba International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1950; Grupo Cubano de Investigación Economica, Un Estudio Sobre Cuba, University of Miami Press, 1963; and Martin Fernandez, Ramon," El tourismo y su Desarrollo," Economia y Desarollo No. 5 Ano 1968.

[3]. Cited by Hector Ayala Castro in "Notas Sobre el Turismo," series de Estudios Sobre la Economia Cubana, Universidad de la Havana, Cuba, June 1991, pg, 15.

[4]. For the exact definition used, see Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, Comite Estatal de Estadisticas, Havana Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988.

[5]. Tourist receipts cited here exclude fare's for international travel.

[6]. Due to the small percentage of visitors to Cuba which can be categories as excursionist, only 1.9 percent in 1988, what is true of the average visitor statistic also applies to average tourist.

[7]. Country selection was base on availability of data. For Cuba, 1984 data on average length of stay is the latest figure avaiable.

[8]. Visitor's receipt reported for Cuba are hard currency receipts, so the correct calculation of both, receipts per visitor and receipts per visitor night should only include visitors from capitalist country, the only generators of hard currency.

[9]. For example excursionist make-up 24 percent of Puerto Rico's international visitors in 1987, 28 percent of Jamica's and 16 percent of the Dominican Republic. In comparison in 1987 only 1.7 percent of all visitors to Cuba are excursionist.

[10]. Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988.

[11]. Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988.

[12]. Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, 1986, 1987, 1988.

[13]. Annuario Estadistico de Cuba, 1988, pg. 613.

[14]. This figure is cited by Jane McManis in South June 1990, pg. 56 and by, Casanova and Monreal in "Cuba and the United States the Potential of Their Economic Relation" in U.S. - Cuban Relations in the 1990's, pg. 248.

[15]. Author's calculations. Of the 8,000 rooms available for international tourism in 1988, Cubanan managed 1,562. Gramma Weekly, May 7, 1989.

[16]. Cuban Foreign Trade, 1, 1989 pg. 11.

[17]. Gramma Weekly, May 7, 1989.

[18]. Ibid.,

[19]. INTUR statistics, unpublished.

[20]. Far an indepth analysis of Cuba's joint venture law see, Jorge Perez Lopez, The 1982 Joint Venture Law Context, Assessment and Prospects.

[21]. Ibid, pg. 45-46.

[22]. Business Monday, the Miami Herald, Dec. 10, 1990 and the New York Times, Travel Section, Sunday March 31, 1991.

[23]. Gramma Weekly Review. January 13, 1991.

[24]. El Nuevo Herald, February 23, 1991.

[25]. Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Economico June 1988, pg. 10-11.

[26]. Banco Nacional de Cuba, Informe Economico June 1988, pg. 10.

[27]. South, June 1990, pg. 55.

[28]. Pearce, Douglas Tourist Development, pg. 197.

[29]. Ayala Castro, Hector in "Notas Sobre el Turismo", pg. 19.

[30]. CTRC, The Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth and Development in the Caribbean, pg. 11.

[31]. Ayala Castro, Hector, op. cit. pg. 23.

[32]. CTRC, op. cit., pg.10.

[33]. See far example Bryden, J. Tourism and Development: a Case Study of the Commonwealth Caribbean, and Griffith, Wiston, "Tourism in the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Case Study "in The Troubled and Troubling Caribbean.

[34]. See for example, William, Allen and Gareth Shaw, Tourism and Development: Western European Experiences