Definitions All protected areas combine natural areas of at least 1,000 hectares across five World Conservation Union (IUCN) management categories. Category I: scientific reserves and strict nature reserves possessing outstanding, representative ecosystems. Public access is generally limited, with only scientific research and educational use permitted. Category II: national parks and provincial parks are relatively large areas of national or international significance not materially altered by humans. Visitors may use them for recreation and study. Category III: Natural monuments and natural landmarks contain unique geological formations, special animals or plants, or unusual habitats. Partially protected areas are areas that may be managed for specific uses, such as recreation or tourism, or areas that provide optimum conditions for certain species or communities of wildlife. Some extractive use within these areas is allowed. They encompass two management categories: Category IV: managed nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries are protected for specific purposes, such as conservation of a significant plant or animal species. Category V: protected landscapes and seascapes may be entirely natural or may include cultural landscapes (e.g. scenically attractive agricultural areas).

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Threatened species are classified as all full species categorized at the global level as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. Critically endangered: when a taxon is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future. Endangered: when a taxon is not critically endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future. Vulnerable: when a taxon is not critically endangered or endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future.

Notes The total number of known species may include introductions in some cases. Data on mammals exclude cetaceans (whales and porpoises). Total bird species listed includes only birds that breed in that country, not those that migrate or winter there. Only flowering plants are listed under higher plant species category. Figures are not necessarily comparable among countries because taxonomic concepts and the extent of knowledge vary (for the latter reason, country totals of species and endemics may be underestimates). In general, numbers of mammals and birds are fairly well known, whereas plants have not been as well inventoried.

Sources Total Land Area: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT Statistics Database, Rome, 1998. Forest Data: The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Total forest consists of all forest area for temperate developed countries, and the sum of natural forest and plantation area categories for tropical and temperate developing countries. Natural forest in tropical and temperate developing countries is defined as a forest composed primarily of indigenous tree species. Natural forests include closed forest, where trees cover a high proportion of the ground and grass does not form a continuous layer on the forest floor, and open forest, defined as mixed forest/grasslands with at least 10 percent tree cover and a continuous grass layer on the forest floor. Plantations refer to forest stands established artificially by afforestation and reforestation for industrial and nonindustrial usage.

Notes Subregional averages are weighted by total land area. If the average annual percent change is negative, the figure reflects net deforestation, which is defined as the clearing of forest lands for all forms of agricultural uses, and land uses such as settlements, other infrastructure and mining. Deforestation, as defined here, does not reflect changes within the forest stand or site, such as selective logging (unless the forest cover is permanently reduced to less than 10 percent). Such changes are termed forest degradation, and they can substantially affect forests, forest soil, wildlife and its habitat, and the global carbon cycle. Thus, the effects from the reported deforestation figures may be less than the effects from the total deforestation that includes all types of forest alterations.

Definitions Closed forests exclude some woodlands and wooded savannah. Original forest as a percentage of land area refers to the estimate of the percentage of land that would have been covered by closed forest about 8,000 years ago assuming current climatic conditions. Current forests refer to estimated closed forest cover within the last 10 years. Frontier forests are large, relatively intact forest ecosystems. They represent undisturbed forest areas that are large enough to maintain all of their biodiversity, including viable populations of wide-ranging species associated with each forest type. Percent of frontier forests threatened refers to those frontier forests where ongoing or planned human activities such as logging, mining and other large-scale disturbances will eventually degrade the ecosystem through species decline or extinction, or drastic changes in the forest's age structure. Under the forest ecosystems heading, tropical forests include all forests located between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. All other forests are categorized as nontropical. Percent protected includes forest areas that fall within the protected areas that are listed as the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) management categories I-V. Refer to the Sources and Technical Notes of Table 6.1 for a description of these categories.

Note Subregional averages are weighted by total land area.

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Total roundwood production refers to all wood in the rough, whether destined for industrial or fuelwood uses. All wood felled or harvested from forests and trees outside the forest, with or without bark, round, split, roughly squared, or in other forms such as roots and stumps, is included. Fuel and charcoal production covers all rough wood used for cooking, heating, and power production. Industrial roundwood production comprises all roundwood products other than fuelwood and charcoal. Sawnwood production includes wood that has been sawn, planed, or shaped into products such as planks, beams boards, rafters, "lumber," etc. Wood flooring and wood-based panels are excluded. Sawnwood generally is thicker than 0.5 millimeters. Paper production includes newsprint, printing and writing paper, packaging paper, household and sanitary paper, and other paper and paperboard. Average annual net trade in roundwood is the balance of imports minus exports. Exports are shown as a negative balance. Figures are the national totals averaged over a 3-year period in thousands of cubic meters. Imports are usually reported on a cost, insurance and freight basis (c.i.f.). Exports are generally reported on a free-on-board basis (f.o.b.).

Source Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT Statistics Database, Rome, 1998.

Source Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT Statistics Database, Rome, 1998.

Notes Average daily per capita calorie supply and average daily per capita protein supply were calculated by adding values from all food sources: domestic production, international trade, stock drawdowns, and foreign aid. The quantity of food available for human consumption is the amount that reaches the consumer. However, the calories and protein actually consumed may be lower than the figures shown, depending on how much is lost during home storage, preparation, and cooking, and how much is discarded.

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Marine and freshwater catch data refer to marine and freshwater fish killed, caught, trapped, collected, bred, or cultivated for commercial industrial, and subsistence use (catches for recreational activities are included where available). Crustaceans and molluscs are included. Figures are the national totals averaged over a 3-year period; they include fish caught by a country's fleet anywhere in the world. Average annual aquaculture production refers to the farming of aquatic organisms and includes 301 "species items" that are grouped into six categories: Marine fish include a variety of species groups such as mullet, seabass, grouper, snaper, tuna, mackerel, etc. Diadromous fish are species that migrate between fresh and saltwater, including sturgeon, river eel, salmon, trout, etc. Freshwater fish include carp, perche, catfish, etc. Molluscs include freshwater molluscs, oysters, mussels, scallops, clams, abalone, etc. Crustaceans include, among others, crab, lobster, shrimp, and prawns. Balance of trade is defined as exports minus imports. Figures are the national totals averaged over a 3-year period in millions of U.S. dollars. A surplus of imports is shown as a negative value. Per capita annual food supply from fish and seafood is the quantity of both freshwater and marine fish, seafood, and derived products available for human consumption. However, the amount of fish and seafood actually consumed may be lower than the figures shown, depending on how much is lost during home storage, preparation, and cooking, and how much is discarded.

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Annual internal renewable water resources refer to the average annual flow of rivers and recharge of groundwater generated from endogenous precipitation. Annual withdrawals as a percentage of water resources refer to total water withdrawals, not counting evaporative losses from storage basins, as a percentage of internal renewable water resources. Water withdrawals also include water from nonrenewable groundwater sources and river flows from other countries. Sectoral withdrawals are classified as domestic (drinking water, homes, commercial establishments, public services, and municipal use); industrial; and agricultural (irrigation and livestock).

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definitions Total commercial energy production includes energy production from solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, and primary electricity. Solid fuels include bituminous coal, lignite, peat, and oil shale burned directly. Liquid fuels include crude petroleum and natural gas liquids. Gaseous fuels include natural gas and other petroleum gases. Primary electricity refers to electricity generated by noncombustible energy sources and includes nuclear, wind, tidal, wave, solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric power sources. Electricity production data generally refer to gross production. However, data for the Dominican Republic and Mexico refer to net production. Gross production is the amount of electricity produced by a generating station before consumption by station auxiliar

transformer losses within the station are deducted. Net production is the amount of electricity remaining after these deductions. Typically, net production is 5 to 10 percent less than gross production. Total energy consumption includes commercial energy and traditional fuels consumption. Commercial energy refers to apparent consumption and is defined as domestic production plus net imports, minus net stock increases, and minus aircraft and marine bunkers. Commercial energy consumption includes energy from solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, plus primary electricity. Traditional fuels include estimates of the consumption of fuelwood, charcoal, bagasse, and animal and vegetal wastes.

Source The World Resources Institute (WRI), World Resources, A Guide to the Global Environment, 1998-99, Washington, D.C., 1998.

Definition Electricity production, which encompasses total, thermal, hydroelectric, geothermal, and nuclear production, represents the amount of electricity output generated by each of the different sources in million kilowatt-hours. Figures generally refer to gross production. However, data for the Dominican Republic and Mexico refer to net production. Gross production is the amount of electricity produced by a generating station before consumption by station auxiliaries and transformer losses within the station are deducted. Net production is the amount of electricity remaining after these deductions. Typically, net production is 5 to 10 percent less than gross production. Total electricity production is the total amount of electricity produced, both from primary and secondary sources. Thermal electricity is generated from the heat produced by the burning of fossil and renewable fuels. Hydroelectric power is generated from the energy of water falling from a high to a lower point. Geothermal refers to electricity produced using sources of heat from the earth's interior. Nuclear electricity is generated from the heat produced by nuclear fission. Import and export trade refer to the amounts of electricity energy transferred to and from the country concerned, respectively.