Sources Population: US Bureau of the Census, International Database, Washington, DC, 1998. Macroeconomic data, capital inflow, direct foreign investment, and external debt: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), Washington, DC, Economic and Social Data Base (ESDB), Internet version, 1998. Other investment data: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, USDIA: 1994 Benchmark Survey, Final Results, IDN-0189, Washington, DC, 1998. Merchandise trade: Direction of Trade Statistics, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Washington, DC, 1998. LAC trade balance with United States: US Department of Commerce, Trade Policy Information System (on-line), Washington, DC, 1998.

Sources Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.

Sources Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.

Sources Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.

Definition Population reflects total mid-year population for each country.

Notes The U.S. Bureau of the Census calculates population projections based on the cohort component method. This method follows each cohort of people of the same age throughout its lifetime according to its exposure to mortality, fertility, and migration.

The cohort component method begins by assessing base data on population. For many developed countries, base data on population are taken from population registers or are current official estimates prepared by national statistical offices based on a census for an earlier year. For developing countries, the base population for a projection is taken from the latest census, generally since 1980. However, census enumerations are not perfect, and reported data on population age and sex structure may be affected by age misreporting and by underenumeration of persons in certain ages. If the projection starts with errors in the base year, such errors will be carried throughout the projection period and will have an impact on the projected number of births as well. Once base population by sex and age are accounted for, the population at each specific age is exposed to the chances of dying as determined by projected mortality levels and patterns by sex and age. Once deaths are estimated, they are subtracted from the population, and those surviving become older. Fertility rates are projected and applied to the female population in childbearing ages to estimate the number of births every year. Each cohort of children born is also followed through time by exposing it to mortality. Finally, the component method takes into account any in-migrants who are incorporated into the population and out-migrants who leave the population. Migrants are added to or subtracted from the population at each specific age. The whole procedure is repeated for each year of the projection period, resulting in the projected population.

Source U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Database, Washington, DC, 1998.

Definition Population growth rate reflects total mid-year population growth rate for each country.

Notes Growth rates were calculated using formulas 1 and 2. Formula 1, used to calculate the annualized growth rates (five -year intervals and 1998-2010 estimate) is a geometric mean statistical equation, based on end-points. Formula 2 was used to calculate the annual growth rates.

Formula 1: [((1995/1990)^(1/5))-1] x 100 = average annual growth for 1990-1995. Formula 2: [(1997-1996)/1996] x 100 = annual growth rate for 1997. Refer to the technical notes of Table 2.1 for an explanation of the cohort component method used to calculate the population projections underlying the population growth rate estimates.

Sources Human Development Index: Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998. GDP per Capita (PPP$): World Development Indicators 1998 (CD-ROM version), World Bank, Washington, DC, 1998. Adult Literacy Rate: UNESCO, Compendium of Statistics on Illiteracy, 1995, United Nations, New York, NY, 1995. Gross Primary Enrollment Ratio: UNESCO, Division of Statistics, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998. Life Expectancy at Birth: U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Data Base, 1997.

Definitions Human Development Index (HDI), published by the UNDP, is a measure of social and economic progress. The HDI is based on three indicators: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educational attainment, as measured by a combination of adult literacy (two-thirds weight) and the combined first-, second-, and third-level gross enrollment ratio (one-third weight); and standard of living, as measured by real GDP per capita in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$). GDP per capita in purchasing power parity dollars (PPP$) is the market value of total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy, divided by its population, and converted into U.S. dollars on the basis of the purchasing power parity of its currency. The purchasing power parity of an economy's currency reflects the number of units of that currency required to purchase the same (or similar) representative basket of goods and services that a U.S. dollar (the reference currency) would buy in the United States. Adult literacy rate reflects the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. Gross enrollment ratio is the number of students enrolled in a level of education, whether or not they belong in the relevant age group for that level, as a percentage of the population in the relevant age group for that level. .As such, a high ratio does not necessarily indicate a successful school system because the gross enrollment ratio includes overage and underage enrollments. Primary education provides the basic elements of education at elementary or primary schools. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a person can expect to live at current levels of mortality.

Source Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY,1998.

Definitions Relative social indicators express life expectancy, adult literacy, daily calorie supply, access to safe water and under-five mortality in relation to the corresponding average figures for all industrial countries, which are indexed to equal 100. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a person can expect to live at current levels of mortality. Adult literacy rate reflects the percentage of people aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. Daily calorie supply per capita reflects the calorie equivalent of the net food supplies in a country, divided by the population, per day. Access to safe water is the share of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water (including treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes). An adequate amount of water is that needed to satisfy metabolic, hygienic, and domestic requirements, usually about 20 liters of safe water a person per day. Under-five mortality rate is the probability of dying between birth and five years of age. It is expressed as the number of deaths under five years of age per 1,000 live births per annum.

Note Lower figures indicate a larger gap between the observed country and the industrial average. A figure larger than 100 indicates that the observed country ranks higher than the industrial average. For the purposes of this analysis, industrial countries include those in the OECD, Eastern Europe, and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Sources World Development Indicators 1998 (CD-ROM version), World Bank, Washington, DC, 1998.

Definitions Total labor force comprises people who meet the ILO definition of the economically active population: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed. While national practices vary in the treatment of such groups as the armed forces and seasonal or part-time workers, in general the labor force includes the armed forces, the unemployed, and first-time job-seekers, bur excludes homemakers and other unpaid caregivers and workers in the informal sector. Female share of labor force reflects the percentage of women who are active in the labor force. Economically active population in agriculture, industry and services includes the economically active (as defined above) in: agriculture: hunting, forestry, and fishing, corresponding to major division 1 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories A and B (ISIC revision 3); industry: mining and quarrying (including oil production), manufacturing, electricity, gas and water, and construction, corresponding to major divisions 2 through 5 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories C through F (ISIC revision 3); services: wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage, and communications; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services; and community, social, and personal services, corresponding to major divisions 6 through 9 (ISIC revision 2) or tabulation categories G through P (ISIC revision 3).

Source Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.

Definition Urban population is the number of people living in urban areas as defined according to the national definition used in the most recent population census.

Source Human Development Report 1998, UNDP, United Nations, New York, NY, 1998.

Definitions Female Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a female can expect to live at current levels of mortality. Maternal mortality ratio is the number of female deaths that occur during pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births. Female adult literacy rate reflects the percentage of females aged 15 and above who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. Gross primary and secondary enrollment ratio is the ratio of total primary and secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the primary and secondary school level, respectively. Female (gross primary and secondary enrollment) as a percent of male is calculated by dividing the female gross enrollment ratio by the male gross enrollment ratio and then multiplying by 100. Figures greater than 100 indicate that female gross enrollment is higher than male gross enrollment. Primary education provides the basic elements of education at elementary or primary schools. Secondary education provides general or specialized instruction at middle, secondary, or high schools, teacher training schools, and vocational or technical schools; this level of education is based on at least four years of instruction at the primary level. Female share of earned income is the percentage of household income generated by females. Administrators and managers includes legislators, senior government administrators, traditional chiefs and heads of villages and administrators of special interest organizations. It also includes corporate managers such as chief executives and general managers as well as specialized managers and managing supervisors, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-1968). Professional and technical workers include physical scientists and related technicians, architects, engineers and related technicians, aircraft and ship's officers, life scientists and related technicians, medical, dental, veterinary and related workers, statisticians, mathematicians, systems analysts and related technicians, economists, accountants, jurists, teachers, workers in religion, authors, journalists and related writers, sculptors, painters, photographers and related creative artists, composers and performing artists; athletes, and related workers, and professional, technical and related workers not elsewhere classified, according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-1968).

Unpaid family workers include household members involved in unremunerated subsistence and non-market activities, such as agricultural production for household consumption, and in household enterprises producing for the market for which more than one household member provides unpaid labor.

Source Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1996-1997, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), United Nations, Santiago, Chile, 1998.

Notes a) preliminary figures. b) official estimates. c) represents a large and increasing number of urban areas. d) beginning 1996, data correspond to a new sample. For the period 1990-1995, data are adjusted to the new sample. e) includes hidden unemployment. f) beginning 1994, figures are for total urban unemployment. g) beginning 1995, figures are for total urban unemployment. h) for 1980 and 1985, figures are for Montevideo. I) does not include Dominican Republic.

Source Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1996-1997, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), United Nations, Santiago, Chile, 1998.

Notes While the strong rise in average wages for Ecuador between 1990 and 1996 appears peculiar, these are the data as recorded by the source. a) preliminary figures. b) average earnings reported by persons enrolled in the social security system. c) average wages, not counting payment in kind and other benefits. d) manufacturing in Panama City, estimated figures. e) manufacturing. f) private sector in La Paz. g) workers covered by social and labor legislation. h) up to April 1993, wage earners in sectors other than agriculture; from May 1993 onward, general index of hourly pay. I) manual workers in manufacturing. j) non-agricultural enterprises with 10 workers or more. k) Asunción. l) private-sector manual workers in metropolitan Lima. M) urban non-manual and manual workers, second half of the year.