1 Jorge Alejandro Ovando Sanz, Indigenismo (La Paz: Librería Editorial Juventud, 1979), 7.

2 Pedro Chamix, "La importancia revolucionaria de conocer los movimientos indígenas," Polémica (San José) 3 (January-February 1982), 48.

3 Juan Bottasso, "Presentación," in Various Authors, Del indigenismo a las organizaciones indígenas, 2d ed. (Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1986), 5.

4 Adolfo Colomdres, "Prólogo," in Adolfo Colomdres, ed., Hacia la autogestión indígena: documentos Serie Antropológica. (Quito: Ediciones del Sol, 1977), 19.

5 South American Indian Information Center, Working Commission Reports: Second Conference of Indian Nations and Organizations of South America, Tiwanaku, Bolivia, March 6-13, 1983 (Berkeley: South American Indian Information Center, 1984), 18.

6 Les W. Field, "Who are the Indians? Reconceptualizing Indigenous Identity, Resistance, and the Role of Social Sciences in Latin America," Latin American Research Review 29, no. 3 (1994): 243.

7 Marie-Chantal Barre, Ideologías indigenistas y movimientos indios, 2d ed. (Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1985), 93.

8 Ibid., 13.

9 Ibid., 53.

10 Ibid., 56.

11 Ibid., 34.

12 Pío Jaramillo Alvarado, El Indio Ecuatoriano, vol. 2, 6th ed. (Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional, 1983 [1922]), 239-40.

13 Ibid., 254.

14 Gonzalo Rubio Orbe, "Prologo," in Jaramillo, El Indio Ecuatoriano vol. 1, 11.

15 Moisés Sáenz, Sobre el indio ecuatoriano y su incorporación al medio nacional (México: Publicaciones de la Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1933), 181.

16 José Carlos Mariátegui, "Outline of the Economic Evolution," Seven Interpretive Essays on Peruvian Reality, translated by Marjory Urquidi with an Introduction by Jorge Basadre, The Texas Pan American Series (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971), 3.

17 Mariátegui, "The Problem of the Indian," Seven Essays, 22.

18 José Carlos Mariátegui, "Aniversario y Balance," Amauta 3:17 (September 1928), 3.

19Mariátegui, "The Problem of Land," Seven Essays, 59.

20 Mariátegui, "The Problem of the Indian," 28-29.

21 Ibid., 29.

22 Ibid., 25.

23 The ayllu structure, of course, pre-dates the Inka Empire and in many ways the Inkas corrupted that system. Still, in the popular imagination the ayllu is still a creation of the Inkas.

24 Jaramillo, 264.

25 The delegate lists are included in Inter-American Conference on Indian Life, V Congreso Indigenista Interamericano, 1st volume, Procesos de integración (Quito: Tall. Graf. Nacionales, 1965), XXV-XXXV.

26 V Congreso Indigenista Interamericano, 5th volume, Acta final (Quito: Tall. Graf. Nacionales, 1965), 11.

27 Ibid., 75-76.

28 A history of the Plaza Indoaméricana can be found in Eduardo N. Martínez, Héroes indígenas de América, Colección Fondo de Ediciones Populares Evaristo (Quito: Ediciones Populares Evaristo, 1991).

29 George I. Blanksten, Ecuador: Constitutions and Caudillos, University of California Publications in Political Science, vol. 3 no. 1 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951), 17.

30 Víctor Alba, Politics and the Labor Movement in Latin America, trans. Carol de Zapata (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968), 105.' This was a radical departure from

31 Blanksten, 68.

32 Robert Jackson Alexander, Communism in Latin America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1957), 234. Paredes appears to have had good r

33 Oswaldo Albornoz Peralta, "Jesús Gualavisí y las luchas indígenas en el Ecuador," in Domingo Paredes, ed., Los comunistas en la historia nacional (Guayaquil: Editorial Claridad, S.A., 1987), 167, 182.G

34 Governments in Ecuador wer

35 Quoted in Blanksten, 19.

36 Alfredo Rubio Orbe, ed., Legislación indígenista del Ecuador, Ediciones especiales del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, no. 17 (México: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1954).

37 Claudio Malo González, "Estudio introductorio," in Claudio Malo González, ed., Pensamiento indigenista del Ecuador, Biblioteca Básica del Pensamiento Ecuatoriano, Vol. 34 (Quito: Banco Central del Ecuador, 1988), 90.

38 A. Leon Bright, "The Indigenista Novel of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia" (M.A. thesis, University of Kansas, 1964), iv.

39 Ibid., 19-21.

Antonio Sacoto, The Indian in the Ecuadorian Novel (New York: Las Americas Publishing Co., 1967).

40 Quoted in Sacoto, 131.

41 Ibid., 144.

42 Bright, 179.

43 Frederick B. Pike, The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), 221.

44 Inter-American Conference on Indian Life, V Congreso Indigenista Interamericano, 3rd volume, Artesania, defensa de la salud, seguro social y poblaciones selvaticas (Quito: Tall. Graf. Nacionales, 1965), facing page 32.

45 Quoted in Nilo Cayuqueo and Susan Lobo, "Ninth Congress of the Inter-American Indian Institute," SAIIC Newsletter 2:2 (Winter 1986): 4.