22Shirley Christian commends Chile for its successes in the areas of privatization, debt management, and fighting poverty and advises the Eastern Europeans and the rest of Latin America to follow Chile's example in "Free Market Lessons of Chile's `Chicago Boys,'" New York Times, 8 October 1994, D4. Nathaniel Cash refers to Chile as the "Latin American tiger" and its democracy as a miracle in "A New Rush into Latin America," 11 April 1993, C1; and Kathryn Sikkink, "Ideas and Economic Policymaking: Paradigm Shift and the Economic Commission for Latin America," (paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Chicago, 3-6 September 1992) reports that recent ECLA briefings have referred to various Chilean policies, many of which are rather repressive, as "positive" policy examples.
33Sidney Tarrow, "Transitions to Democracy as Waves of Mobilization With Applications to Southern Europe" (paper prepared for the SSRC Subcommittee Conference on Democratization in Southern Europe, Delphi, July 4-7, 1991), 30.
4.On the former Soviet Union, see C.G. Pickvance, "Social Movements and Local Politics in the Transition from State Socialism: A Preliminary Report on Housing Movements in Moscow" (paper presented at the European Conference on Social Movements, Berlin, October 29-31, 1992) See Eduardo Canel, "Democratization and the Decline of Urban Social Movements in Uruguay: A Political-Institutional Account" in The Making of Social Movements in Latin America, ed. Sonia Alvarez and Arturo Escobar (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), 276-290 for a discussion of the decline of urban movements in Uruguay. On Spanish labor movements, see José Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent (London: Tavistock, 1978); José Maravall, The Transition to Democracy in Spain (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982); and Lynn Wozniak, "Economic Orthodoxy and Industrial Protest: Consolidating Spanish Democracy" (diss, Cornell University, 1990). For a discussion of urban social movement decline in Spain, see Manuel Castells, City and the Grassroots (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). Scott Mainwaring, "Urban Popular Movements, Identity, and Democratization in Brazil," Comparative Political Studies 20, no. 2 (1987): 131-159 highlights the problems of urban movements in transitional Brazil. For a discussion of Chilean shantytown movement decline, see Philip Oxhorn, "Where Did All the Protestors Go?: Popular Mobilization and the Transition to Democracy in Chile," Latin American Perspectives 21, no. 3 (1994): 49-68.
55Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983) 57.
66Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part 4 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986) 55.
77Edward Muller and Mitchell Seligson, "Inequality and Insurgency," American Political Science Review 81 (1987): 425-52.
88Pickvance, "Social Movements and Local Politics," 5.
99Canel, "Democratization and Decline," 283.
1010Tarrow, "Transitions as Waves," 29. This conclusion is supported by research presented in Samuel Barnes and Max Kaase, Political Action: Mass Paricipation in Five Western Democracies (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979).
11.Terry Lynn Karl, "The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela,"in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part 2, ed. O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead, 198.
1212Richard Gunther and John Higley, "Introduction," 23.
1313Karl, "Transition to Democracy," 198
1414Robert Kaufman, "Liberalization and Democratization in South America: Perspectives from the 1970s," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part 1, ed. O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead,106.
1515Charles Gillespie, "The Role of Civil-Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay," in Elites and Democratic Consolidation, ed. Gunther and Higley 202.
1616Julio Cotler, "Miliary Intervention and `Transfer of Power to Civilians' in Peru," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part 2, ed. O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whtehead, 165.
1717Guillermo O'Donnell, "Introduction to the Latin American Cases," in Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part 2, ed. O'Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead, 12.
1818See Tarrow, "Transitions as Waves" for evidence of this relationship in Italy and Spain.
1919Alan Angell and Benny Pollack, "The Chilean Elections of 1989 and the Politics of the Transition to Democracy," Bulletin of Latin American Research 9 (1990): 19, 20.
2020The Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia is a 17-party coalition that formed to organize the "No" campaign in 1988 and remained intact for the presidential and congressional elections in 1989. The principal parties of the Concertación are the Christian Democratic Party, the Socialist Party, the Party for Democracy (PPD) and the Radical Party.
16.Manuel Antonio Garretón, The Chilean Political Process (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989) 9.
2222Brian Loveman, "[[questiondown]]Misión Cumplida? Civil-Military Relations and the Chilean Political Transition," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33 (1991): 38.
23.ibid., 41.
2424See Castells, City and the Grassroots, 201.
2525According to Vicente Espinoza, numerous Socialist Party parliamentarians and leaders were present at land seizures during the Frei and Allende governments and negotiated with the government on behalf of the occupants following the seizures. Vicente Espinoza, Para una historia de los pobres de la ciudad (Santiago: SUR, 1990) 275
2626Raquel Correa, "Entrevista con Enrique Krauss," El Mercurio, 14 January 1990.
2727El Siglo, 5-18 March 1990.
2828El Mercurio, 13 February 1990.
2929El Mercurio, 14 February 1990.
3030Fortín, 8 August 1990.
3131Las Últimas Noticias, 7 August 1990.
3232Fortín, 7 August 1990.
3333La Tercera, 8 August 1990.
3434Philip Oxhorn, "Popular Sector Response to an Authoritarian Regime: Shantytown Organizations Since the Military Coup," Latin American Perspectives 67 (1991): 79.
3535Raúl Puelle, personal interview, 10 June 1992.
3636Gregorio Carneza, personal interview, 5 March 1991.
3737Guillermo Campero, Entre la sobrevivencia y la acción política (Santiago: ILET, 1987) 114.
3838ibid.
3939At the time of its founding, the organization was named the Metropolitan Housing Commission.
4040The first two land seizures, held in October 1983, were in Yungay and La Cisterna and involved 100 and 250 families respectively. The third and fourth occupations took place on November 7, 1983, and were located in Departamental and Población Universo. In 1984 Metro sponsored three more land occupations which involved about 2400 families in total.
4141Fortín, "Tomas en provincias revelan real magnitud de la falta de viviendas," 21 June 1989.
4242Fortín, "Una pobladora muerta en toma de terrenos," 18 July 1989.
4343Claudina Nuñez, personal interview, 25 July 1991.
4444Claudina Nuñez, "Opening Address First National Congress of the Metropolitan Shantytown Dwellers' Coordinator, 4 March 1990.
4545La Época, "Metro no usará las tomas," 28 March 1990.
4646During the first two years of the Aylwin presidency, nearly all mayors were persons who had been appointed by Pinochet. It was not until June 1992 that the public elected municipal councils and mayors.
4747Oscar Peña, personal interview, 30 June 1991.
4848Oscar Peña, personal interview, 25 July 1991
4949Fortín, "Conferencia de prensa de la Metro," 20 February 1990.
5050Claudina Nuñez, personal interview, 10 June 1991.
5151Oscar Peña, personal interview, 30 June 1991.
5252The organization's history is outlined in a book published to celebrate its seven-year anniversary: Movimiento Poblacional Solidaridad, Siete años de Solidaridad en Chile (Santiago: Impresos Tecnigraf, 1990).
5353In an interview, Hugo Flores declared, "I was involved in the 1983 occupation of Cardinal Francisco Fresno and Silva Henriquez and even worked with Oscar Peña [Vice President of Metro]." Hugo Flores, personal interview, 14 February 1991.
5454Solidaridad, Siete años, 29.
55.ibid., 26, 27.
5656Flores, personal interview.
5757Solidaridad, Siete años, 137, 138.
5858Flores, personal interview.
5959Municipalidad de La Cisterna, Memoria 90 (Santiago: SECPLAC, 1991) 12, 13.
6060José Ñancucheo, personal interview, 8 March 1991.
6161Ad-MAPU, the Popular Movement for United Action, is a Mapuche political organization, cum political party of the Left.
62Ñ62ancucheo, personal interview.
6363During the first three years of the national protest cycle, 1983-1985 El Mercurio reported at least eight acts of protest in J.M. Caro. In 1983, these events were characterized by barricades of tires and trees, broken traffic lights, burned railroad tracks, and the stoning of firefighters and police officers. In 1984, protests involved rock-throwing, a train robbery, attacks on two families of police officers and looting. The 1985 incidents included barricade-burning and the burning of a CEMA Chile headquarters.
64Ñ64ancucheo, personal interview.
6565Vladimir Ruíz, personal interview, 23 February 1991.
6666José and Liza Ñancucheo, personal interview, 8 March 1991.
6767J. Ñancucheo, personal interview.
6868L. Ñancucheo, personal interview.
6969J. Ñancucheo, personal interview.
7070ibid.
7171Manuel Morales, personal interview, 21 February 1991.
72.Don Juan, personal interview, 21 February 1991.
7373Morales, personal interview.
7474Roberto Vargas, personal interview, 21 February 1991.
7575Claudia Toledo, personal interview, 28 February 1991.
7676Janet Torres, personal interview, 28 February 1991.
7777Manuel Morales, personal interview, 5 February 1991.
7878See Patricia Hipsher, "Political Processes and the Demobilization of the Shantytown Dwellers' Movement in Redemocratizing Chile" (diss., Cornell University, 1994)537-544.
7979See Patricia Hipsher, "Democratization and the Decline of Urban Social Movements in Redemocratizing Chile and Spain," Comparative Politics (forthcoming).
8080Tarrow, "Transitions as Waves," 33, 34.